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Phonemes are the individual sounds of a language. This is not the same as the spelling of a language (which is the orthography). Phonemes are represented by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is used to transcribe the exact pronunciation of words in all languages worldwide. IPA is written between forward slashes.

Becoming familiar with some of the IPA sounds will enhance your understanding of the languages generated by Vulgar.

The seed number can be used to recover a generated language. If you create something you like in the free version, you can recover its full output in the premium version using its seed number. If you just want something random, leave it blank. There are some important details to getting the seed number to co-operate:

1. If you use any custom phonemes, to get the same output you must re-enter those some phonemes back in the same fields, and in the exact same order. Otherwise the program will output what the seed number would have generated if it was allowed to randomly pick its own phonemes. Or, in the case where the phonemes aren't in the same order, it will apply different frequencies to those phonemes.

2. Different browsers give different outputs due to the way each browser rounds off long decimals numbers. This shouldn't be a problem if you are trying to recover a language between the free and premium version so long as you use the same browser, but unfortunately it means if you try to share your language with someone you can't be sure that they will see the same thing.

Syllable structure refers to how many consonants are permitted to appear on either side of the vowel. A syllable structure of (C)V means the syllable must have one vowel and an optional consonant at the beginning. It permits patterns such as tito, raleo, ala. Languages with this kind of simple structure include Swahili and Fijian.

A syllable structure such as (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C) would allow more complex words such as strips, trainers. Most European languages have more complex structures.

Stress pattern refers to which syllable in a word gets emphasis. English has no exact fixed pattern; the stress can fall on any syllable: VIGorous (first), emPLOYment (second to last), hoTEL (last). Most of the world's major languages have no fixed pattern, however some do. Finnish words have stress on the first syllable. Greek is second to last syllable. Persian has it on the last syllable.

IPA uses the ˈ symbol before the syllable to represent primary stress. The word siho /si ˈho/ would be pronounced siHO.

All languages have phonemes that change slightly (or sometimes dramatically) based on the effects of other phonemes around it. These are known as phonological processes. We express them in writing as phonological rules, eg: e > i / _g = e turns into i before g.

For a more in depth lesson on phonological rules, and the kinds of phonological rules that exist click here.

A diphthong is when two vowel sounds form one syllable. English has various diphthongs. For example, the word "light" /laɪt/ is comprised of /a/ and /ɪ/, but is percieved as one syllable.

Adpositions are words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, on, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for). When adpositions come before the noun phrase they are called prepositions, i.e. in English: on the table. If they come after the noun phrase they are called postpositions. Languages that use postpositions include Chinese and Turkish.

Articles are the words the, a, and some. The definite article, the, is used to refer to something whose reference is already known. Indefinite articles, a and some, are used to refer to new things in the discourse. In English, the indefinite article changes to match the plurality of the noun (a cat vs. some cats) however the definite does not. In other languges, articles may change to match grammatical properties of nouns based on a complex matrix of number (singulgar, plural) X by gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.) X by case (nominative, accusative, etc.).

For an in depth explanation of gender click here. For an explanation of case click here.

Morphology is the changing of a word to express various grammatical properties. In English, the plural marker "s" is an example of morphology. Some other languages change nouns based on a complex matrix of number (singulgar, plural) X by gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, etc.) X by case (nominative, accusative, etc.).

For an in depth explanation of gender click here. For an explanation of case click here.